Just a follow up on this picture. Is it generally ok for these parts of the malt to get into the wort? Is this an issue with my MLT allowing too much "stuff" through?
You're fine.
Editing to expand a bit. If you introduced too much grain into your boil the off flavor you would produce is called astringency, described as a mouth puckering dryness. I think Palmer referred to it as similar to sucking on a tea bag. (let the jokes begin) I believe this would take a significant amount of grain.
I think a more common cause for astringency would be inappropriate mash pH that resulted in tannin extraction from the grains. I've definitely done this before I decided it was in my best interest to learn about water. Luckily, brewers have a fix: Bru'n Water software from Martin.
What I see in your kettle is nothing to worry about at all.