Is it beneficial to have a ball valve on the outlet side to regulate flow?
Yes, on that side you can decrease flow with no problem. You can even shut the flow off and not damage the pump.
Deadheading these pumps is generally not recommended, especially for any extended period.
Sure, you are putting energy into the fluid that is in the pump head, it will heat up, then bad things can happen. How long did it take in your experience? As a note, I have been shutting the out put off for a short period if I am moving the output hose from one vessel to the next, no problems doing that. Been doing it on my March pump for over a dozen years.
As a guy who worked on some positive displacement hydraulic pumps, well, those have pressure relief valves for a reason. Even then you did not want to stay in pressure relief for too long, as the fluid was returned to the pump reservoir, and it would cause the oil temp to go up. Bad things could happen. Short periods no problem. The loud hiss you might remember when you had an older car at full lock was the power steering pressure relief valve doing its thing.
Fortunately it was not on my brew system, but a small (CF 2 hp) pump at work. I would estimate it took 1/2 an hour to overheat the pump and another 1/2 hour to fail the pump completely (frozen impeller). Hard to say, as everyone was distracted with a more urgent mechanical failure at the time.
I will say that our procedures discourage the practice, even for a few minutes, as we have experienced hammered pipes (valve closed too quickly), and faster bearing, impeller, seal and motor failures on pumps that have been deadheaded frequently. Not too surprising, as DHing puts you on the max pressure curve almost immediately.
All of our mission critical pumps are fully automated and none of the control systems allow DHing. The operator has to clear the alarm, or bypass the pump within a couple of minutes in most cases, before a full shutdown occurs.
My industrial stories aside, I think the average brewer is completely safe to DH for a few minutes. As mentioned, though, things happen and a forgotten pump can and will fail eventually. My work experiences make me avoid the practice at home, I suppose.