So the good news is I kegged a rebrew of this beer last night. It's only 3 weeks old and uncarbonated, but the sample was smooth and did not show any of the off flavor discussed here.
The bad news is that I rebrewed this before I posted this question, so I changed several things with this batch (but not actually the Campden). That will make it harder to pin down exactly what happened. Relevant differences are as follows:
Good Bock- 5.4 mash pH
- 1.2mL lactic added to sparge
- No mineral additions
- Hit strike temp of 155
- 81% conversion efficiency
"Chemically" Bock- 5.25 mash pH
- 2.4mL lactic added (half each to mash and sparge)
- Minerals: 5g CaCl (mash), 2g CaSO4 (mash), 2g CaCO3 (kettle), 2g NaHCO3 (kettle)
- Initially overshot strike temp of 155 by 4 degrees, took 15 mins to cool from 159 to 155
- 78% conversion efficiency
Both batches were treated with half a Campden tablet in 11G of water. It's possible that the chloramine content was drastically different between March and now due to some shock treatment the water utility was doing.
However, it seems more likely that the low mash pH and/or the minerals were contributing to the off flavor. I'll update if any more data comes in, but otherwise it looks like I've learned all I can from this one.